Speaker
Description
Hydrogen is widely regarded as a promising green fuel due to its zero direct carbon emissions during use. Hydrogen has the highest energy content per unit mass, about 120 MJ/kg, but its volumetric energy density remains very low because of its low density at ambient conditions. This limitation makes hydrogen storage a major challenge for both stationary and onboard applications. This challenge limits widespread hydrogen adoption and motivates continued research into advanced, scalable storage technologies. Therefore, effective storage systems must provide high gravimetric and volumetric densities while ensuring safety, low cost, acceptable operating conditions, and public acceptance worldwide.
This study presents a systematic review of hydrogen storage technologies, categorized into physical storage (compressed gas and liquefied hydrogen), chemical storage, and materials-based storage approaches. Physical storage methods, such as high-pressure compression and cryogenic liquefaction, are technologically mature but suffer from high energy penalties and safety concerns. In contrast, materials-based storage systems—including metal hydrides, chemical hydrides, and porous materials such as metal–organic frameworks—offer higher volumetric densities and improved safety, though they are limited by slow kinetics and thermodynamic constraints. The review examines hydrogen storage technologies within the context of the full hydrogen supply chain, including production, storage, transport, and end-use applications.
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